6.部署合约

文档摘要

title: 6. 部署合约 tags: web3py provider wallet contract create frontend web Ethers极简入门: 6. 部署合约 WTF Academy社群：官网 wtf.academy | WTF Solidity教程 | discord | 微信群申请这一讲，我们将介绍中的合约部署过程，并以部署一个合约为例帮助大家理解本节内容。我们将介绍中的合约工厂类型，并利用它部署合约。部署智能合约在以太坊上，智能合约的部署是一种特殊的交易：将编译智能合约得到的字节码发送到0地址。如果这个合约的构造函数有参数的话，需要利用将参数编码为字节码，然后附在在合约字节码的尾部一起发送。


title: 6. 部署合约
tags:
  - web3py
  - provider
  - wallet
  - contract
  - create
  - frontend
  - web

Ethers极简入门: 6. 部署合约

WTF Academy社群： 官网 wtf.academy | WTF Solidity教程 | discord | 微信群申请

这一讲，我们将介绍web3.py中的合约部署过程，并以部署一个合约为例帮助大家理解本节内容。我们将介绍we3py中的合约工厂ContractFactory类型，并利用它部署合约。

部署智能合约

在以太坊上，智能合约的部署是一种特殊的交易：将编译智能合约得到的字节码发送到0地址。如果这个合约的构造函数有参数的话，需要利用abi.encode将参数编码为字节码，然后附在在合约字节码的尾部一起发送。对于ABI编码的介绍见WTF Solidity极简教程第27讲 ABI编码。

合约工厂

web3py拥有合约工厂ContractFactory类型，方便开发者部署合约。你可以利用合约abi，编译得到的字节码bytecode来创建合约工厂实例，为部署合约做准备。


#构造合约工厂
contract_factory = w3.eth.contract(abi=abi, bytecode=bytecode)

注意:其中w3为我们提前定义的provider，如果合约的构造函数有参数，那么在abi中必须包含构造函数。

在创建好合约工厂实例之后，可以调用它的constructor函数并传入合约构造函数的参数args来构建部署交易信息：


# 部署合约
tx_hash = contract_factory.constructor(args).transact()
# 等待交易完成
tx_receipt = w3.eth.waitForTransactionReceipt(tx_hash)
#打印合约地址
contract_address = tx_receipt['contractAddress']

例子：部署ERC20代币合约

ERC20标准代币合约的介绍见WTF Solidity极简教程第31讲 ERC20。

创建provider和wallet变量。


from eth_account import Account
from web3 import Web3, contract
# 连利用infura提供的节点连接到以太坊测试网
infura_url = "https://goerli.infura.io/v3/22b26b228b004ccc9325066db8b5c468"
w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(infura_url))

# 创建钱包对象
private_key = "e08ca922fedbc3d37fa677f1d8f7e8fcbe42d031186bcbbc763d20cbdac81f9d"
wallet = Account.from_key(private_key)

准备ERC20合约的字节码和ABI。因为ERC20的构造函数含有参数，因此我们必须把它包含在ABI中。合约的abi可以直接在remix编译界面电机abi按钮复制，字节码可以从remix的编译面板中点击Bytecode按钮，把它复制下来，其中"object"字段对应的数据就是字节码。如果部署在链上的合约，你可以在etherscan的Contract页面的Contract Creation Code中找到。


# ERC20的合约abi
abi = [{"inputs": [{"internalType": "string","name": "name_","type": "string"}, {"internalType": "string","name": "symbol_","type": "string"}], "stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "constructor"}, {"anonymous": False,"inputs": [{"indexed": True,"internalType": "address","name": "owner","type": "address"},{"indexed": True,"internalType": "address","name": "spender","type": "address"},{"indexed": False,"internalType": "uint256","name": "value","type": "uint256"}],"name": "Approval","type": "event"},{"anonymous": False,"inputs": [{"indexed": True,"internalType": "address","name": "from","type": "address"},{"indexed": True,"internalType": "address","name": "to","type": "address"},{"indexed": False,"internalType": "uint256","name": "value","type": "uint256"}],"name": "Transfer","type": "event"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "address","name": "","type": "address"},{"internalType": "address","name": "","type": "address"}],"name": "allowance","outputs": [{"internalType": "uint256","name": "","type": "uint256"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "address","name": "spender","type": "address"},{"internalType": "uint256","name": "amount","type": "uint256"}],"name": "approve","outputs": [{"internalType": "bool","name": "","type": "bool"}],"stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "address","name": "","type": "address"}],"name": "balanceOf","outputs": [{"internalType": "uint256","name": "","type": "uint256"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "uint256","name": "amount","type": "uint256"}],"name": "burn","outputs": [],"stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "function"},{"inputs": [],"name": "decimals","outputs": [{"internalType": "uint8","name": "","type": "uint8"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "uint256","name": "amount","type": "uint256"}],"name": "mint","outputs": [],"stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "function"},{"inputs": [],"name": "name","outputs": [{"internalType": "string","name": "","type": "string"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [],"name": "symbol","outputs": [{"internalType": "string","name": "","type": "string"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [],"name": "totalSupply","outputs": [{"internalType": "uint256","name": "","type": "uint256"}],"stateMutability": "view","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "address","name": "recipient","type": "address"},{"internalType": "uint256","name": "amount","type": "uint256"}],"name": "transfer","outputs": [{"internalType": "bool","name": "","type": "bool"}],"stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "function"},{"inputs": [{"internalType": "address","name": "sender","type": "address"},{"internalType": "address","name": "recipient","type": "address"},{"internalType": "uint256","name": "amount","type": "uint256"}],"name": "transferFrom","outputs": [{"internalType": "bool","name": "","type": "bool"}],"stateMutability": "nonpayable","type": "function"}]
# 合约ABI
# 填入合约字节码，在remix中，你可以在两个地方找到Bytecode
# 1. 编译面板的Bytecode按钮
#2. 文件面板artifact文件夹下与合约同名的json文件中
# 里面"bytecode"属性下的"object"字段对应的数据就是Bytecode。
bytecode = '60806040526012600560006101000a81548160ff021916908360ff1602179055503480156200002d57600080fd5b506040516200111b3803806200111b8339818101604052810190620000539190620001af565b81600390805190602001906200006b9291906200008d565b508060049080519060200190620000849291906200008d565b50505062000392565b8280546200009b90620002b7565b90600052602060002090601f016020900481019282620000bf57600085556200010b565b82601f10620000da57805160ff19168380011785556200010b565b828001600101855582156200010b579182015b828111156200010a578251825591602001919060010190620000ed565b5b5090506200011a91906200011e565b5090565b5b80821115620001395760008160009055506001016200011f565b5090565b6000620001546200014e846200024b565b62000222565b9050828152602081018484840111156200016d57600080fd5b6200017a84828562000281565b509392505050565b600082601f8301126200019457600080fd5b8151620001a68482602086016200013d565b91505092915050565b60008060408385031215620001c357600080fd5b600083015167ffffffffffffffff811115620001de57600080fd5b620001ec8582860162000182565b925050602083015167ffffffffffffffff8111156200020a57600080fd5b620002188582860162000182565b9150509250929050565b60006200022e62000241565b90506200023c8282620002ed565b919050565b6000604051905090565b600067ffffffffffffffff82111562000269576200026862000352565b5b620002748262000381565b9050602081019050919050565b60005b83811015620002a157808201518184015260208101905062000284565b83811115620002b1576000848401525b50505050565b60006002820490506001821680620002d057607f821691505b60208210811415620002e757620002e662000323565b5b50919050565b620002f88262000381565b810181811067ffffffffffffffff821117156200031a576200031962000352565b5b80604052505050565b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052602260045260246000fd5b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052604160045260246000fd5b6000601f19601f8301169050919050565b610d7980620003a26000396000f3fe608060405234801561001057600080fd5b50600436106100a95760003560e01c806342966c681161007157806342966c681461016857806370a082311461018457806395d89b41146101b4578063a0712d68146101d2578063a9059cbb146101ee578063dd62ed3e1461021e576100a9565b806306fdde03146100ae578063095ea7b3146100cc57806318160ddd146100fc57806323b872dd1461011a578063313ce5671461014a575b600080fd5b6100b661024e565b6040516100c39190610aee565b60405180910390f35b6100e660048036038101906100e19190610a08565b6102dc565b6040516100f39190610ad3565b60405180910390f35b6101046103ce565b6040516101119190610b10565b60405180910390f35b610134600480360381019061012f91906109b9565b6103d4565b6040516101419190610ad3565b60405180910390f35b610152610583565b60405161015f9190610b2b565b60405180910390f35b610182600480360381019061017d9190610a44565b610596565b005b61019e60048036038101906101999190610954565b61066d565b6040516101ab9190610b10565b60405180910390f35b6101bc610685565b6040516101c99190610aee565b60405180910390f35b6101ec60048036038101906101e79190610a44565b610713565b005b61020860048036038101906102039190610a08565b6107ea565b6040516102159190610ad3565b60405180910390f35b6102386004803603810190610233919061097d565b610905565b6040516102459190610b10565b60405180910390f35b6003805461025b90610c74565b80601f016020809104026020016040519081016040528092919081815260200182805461028790610c74565b80156102d45780601f106102a9576101008083540402835291602001916102d4565b820191906000526020600020905b8154815290600101906020018083116102b757829003601f168201915b505050505081565b600081600160003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060008573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020819055508273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff163373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f8c5be1e5ebec7d5bd14f71427d1e84f3dd0314c0f7b2291e5b200ac8c7c3b925846040516103bc9190610b10565b60405180910390a36001905092915050565b60025481565b600081600160008673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060008282546104629190610bb8565b92505081905550816000808673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060008282546104b79190610bb8565b92505081905550816000808573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020600082825461050c9190610b62565b925050819055508273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167fddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef846040516105709190610b10565b60405180910390a3600190509392505050565b600560009054906101000a900460ff1681565b806000803373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060008282546105e49190610bb8565b9250508190555080600260008282546105fd9190610bb8565b92505081905550600073ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff163373fffff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Remix中获取字节码和abi
json

创建合约工厂ContractFactory实例。



# 创建合约工厂
contract_factory = w3.eth.contract(abi=abi, bytecode=bytecode)

调用工厂合约的construct()函数并填入构造函数的参数（代币名称和代号），部署ERC20代币合约并获得合约实例。在build_transaction中构建参数：

from：表示交易发送方的以太坊地址。这是用于支付交易费用的账户。
nonce：表示发送方账户的交易计数器。它确保每个交易都具有唯一的标识符，并按照顺序执行。
gas：表示交易所能消耗的最大燃气数量。
gasPrice：表示以太坊网络中每单位燃气的价格。


# 部署合约
tx_hash = contract_factory.constructor("WTF Token", "WTF").build_transaction({
    'from': wallet.address,
    'nonce': w3.eth.get_transaction_count(wallet.address),
    'gas': 2000000,
    'gasPrice': w3.to_wei('50', 'gwei')
})

signed_tx = wallet.signTransaction(tx_hash)

tx_hash = w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.rawTransaction)
tx_receipt = w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)

# 获取部署的合约地址
contract_address = tx_receipt.contractAddress
print("合约部署成功，合约地址为：", contract_address)

部署合约

在合约上链后，调用name()和symbol()函数打印代币名称和代号，然后调用mint()函数给自己铸造10,000枚代币。


# 调用合约的name()和symbol()函数打印代币名称和代号
token_name = contract_instance.functions.name().call()
token_symbol = contract_instance.functions.symbol().call()
print("代币名称：", token_name)
print("代币代号：", token_symbol)
# 将整数10000转换为uint256类型
amount = 10000
# 调用mint()函数给自己铸造10,000枚代币
tx_hash = contract_instance.functions.mint(amount).build_transaction({
    'from': wallet.address,
    'nonce': w3.eth.get_transaction_count(wallet.address),
    'gas': 2000000,
    'gasPrice': w3.to_wei('50', 'gwei')
})

signed_tx = wallet.signTransaction(tx_hash)

tx_hash = w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.rawTransaction)
tx_receipt = w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)

print("铸造代币成功")
# 查询铸造后账户的WTF代币余额
balance = contract_instance.functions.balanceOf(wallet.address).call()
print("WTF代币余额：", balance)

铸造代币

调用transfer()函数，给Vitalik转账1,000枚代币。


# 调用transfer()函数，给Vitalik转账1000代币
tx_hash = contract_instance.functions.transfer("vitalik.eth", 1000).build_transaction({
    'from': wallet.address,
    'nonce': w3.eth.get_transaction_count(wallet.address),
    'gas': 2000000,
    'gasPrice': w3.to_wei('50', 'gwei')
})

signed_tx = wallet.signTransaction(tx_hash)

tx_hash = w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.rawTransaction)
tx_receipt = w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)

print("等待交易上链")
# 查询Vitalik钱包中的代币余额
vitalik_balance = contract_instance.functions.balanceOf("vitalik.eth").call()
print(f"Vitalik钱包中的代币余额: {vitalik_balance}")

总结

这一讲我们介绍了web3.py中的合约工厂ContractFactory类型，利用它部署了一个ERC20代币合约，并给Vitalik转账了1,000枚代币。